Legal Terminology, Charges & Definitions

A free, plain‑language reference hub designed to help defendants, families, and supporters understand common legal terms and charge categories. This is educational — not legal advice.

A–Z Legal Terminology (Plain‑Language Definitions)

Arraignment

The first court hearing where the charge is formally read, and the defendant enters a plea.

Bail / Bond

Money or conditions set by the court to ensure the defendant returns for future hearings.

Charge

The official accusation stating what law the defendant is alleged to have broken.

Discovery

The evidence and information the prosecution must share with the defense.

Dismissal

When a judge or prosecutor ends a case without a conviction.

Enhancement

An added factor that increases penalties (e.g., prior offenses, weapons, injury).

Felony

A more serious criminal charge, typically punishable by more than one year in prison.

Infraction

A minor violation, usually punishable by a fine and no jail time.

Misdemeanor

A lower‑level criminal charge, typically punishable by up to one year in jail.

Plea Deal

An agreement where the defendant pleads guilty to a charge in exchange for a reduced penalty.

Probation

A court‑ordered period of supervision instead of jail or after release.

Sentencing

The hearing where the judge announces the punishment after a conviction or plea.

Violation

Breaking a condition of probation, bond, or court order.

Common Criminal Charges (Plain‑Language Breakdown)

Assault

Accusing someone of attempting or threatening to harm another person.

Battery

Accusing someone of physically touching or harming another person without consent.

Burglary

Entering a building or vehicle without permission, usually with intent to commit a crime.

Disorderly Conduct

Behavior considered disruptive, unsafe, or disturbing to the public.

Domestic Violence

Accusations involving harm or threats between family members or partners.

DUI / OVI / DWI

Driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs. Names vary by state.

Failure to Appear

Missing a scheduled court hearing after being ordered to attend.

Harassment

Repeated unwanted contact or behavior that causes fear or distress.

Possession (Drugs)

Being accused of having illegal substances or controlled drugs.

Resisting Arrest

Accusations of interfering with or refusing to comply during an arrest.

Theft / Larceny

Taking property without permission, with intent to keep it.

Trespassing

Entering property without permission or refusing to leave when asked.

This free reference hub provides general educational information only. It does not interpret state‑specific laws, does not replace an attorney, and should not be used to make decisions about any legal case.